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You probably won't be surprised to know the answer to the question is, "It depends." The six Infinity Gems have been different colors at different points in 616 canon, and each one has been in the possession of a variety of beings. So this is only a cribsheet, to help you keep track of who has what. These notes cover the period that begins with the Illuminati's distribution of the gems among themselves, and ends when the gems leave Earth at the end of Infinity Wars. Hope you find it useful!
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First Illuminati Distribution of Infinity Gems
New Avengers: Illuminati, v2 #2, March 2007
Red – Power – Reed Richards
Orange – Time – Namor
Yellow – Reality – Tony Stark
Green – Soul – Stephen Strange
Blue – Mind – Charles Xavier
Purple – Space – Black Bolt
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Second Illuminati Distribution of Infinity Gems
Avengers, v4 #12, June 2011
Red – Power – Namor
Orange – Time – Steve Rogers
Yellow – Reality – Reed Richards
Green – Soul – Stephen Strange
Blue – Mind – Charles Xavier
Purple – Space – Tony Stark
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Illuminati Create the Infinity Gauntlet
New Avengers, v3 #3, April 2013
With this issue, the gems have switched colors (there is no explanation for the change). Steve uses the gauntlet and, in doing so, destroys it.
Red – Mind – thumb of gauntlet
Orange – Reality – pinky finger
Yellow – Power – index finger
Green – Space – back of the palm
Blue – Time – middle finger
Purple – Soul – ring finger
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Surprise! The Gems Return
Infinity Countdown v1, May-September 2018
They're back, and they've switched colors again, tyvm MCU.
Red – Reality
possessed by Weirdworld, then Dr Eve & Starkill, then Carol Danvers
Orange – Soul
possessed by Magus, then Ultron/Hank Pym, then Adam Warlock
Yellow – Mind
possessed by Turk Barnett, then Stephen Strange
Green – Time
possessed by the Super Skrull, then Stephen Strange
Blue – Space
possessed by Wolverine, then Natasha Romanov
Purple – Power
possessed by Nova Corps, then Peter Quill
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Predictable Battles for Resource Monopoly
Infinity Wars v1 (October 2018 – February 2019)
Gamora catches them all, then some of the gems get duplicated. The Cosmic Avengers, including Loki, attempt to fix the reality that has been warped by the gems' use. In Infinity Wars v1 #5, January 2019, Loki puts together a full set of the gems and teleports to a different dimension, which depowers them. Upon discovering the Celestials are behind the warping, Loki returns and gives the gems to the Cosmic Avengers. They use the gems to resolve the dimensional disturbance in Infinity Wars v1 #6, February 2019, but are left with the question of what to do with the gems. Adam Warlock invests the each gem with its own soul, so they can decide their own fates. The gems disperse to follow their bliss -- who knows, maybe they can choose their own colors now!