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Chapter 1: The Nature of Biology
What is biology?:
Biology is the study of living organisms and life, extensively studying their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and interactions with each other, other species, and the environment.. It investigates all levels of life from the little 20 amino acids to the earth itself (biosphere) using systematic observation, experimentation, and evidenced-based reasoning. Biology helps us understand the natural world, address health and environment changes, and apply those knowledge to medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.
Characteristics of Life (GRERHORE):
Growth / Development: Growth = Size, Development = Behavior/Maturing
Reproduction: Sexual or Asexual 20
Energy Processing: Getting and Using Energy.
Response to Stimuli: Reacting to Changes.
Heredity: Passing on of genes
Order: Structures like cells to functional body parts to a whole working system
Regulation/Homeostasis: Regulate body conditions:
Positive Feedback Loop: amplifies a change until a desired outcome is met
Example: Childbirth
Negative Feedback Loop: counteracts a change to 20 keep something within normal conditions
Example: The act of maintaining normal sugar levels within the body
Evolutionary Adaption: Passing on genes and slight differences in them make more species and whoever has the better genes gets to reproduce
Chapter 2: Unifying Themes in Biology
Unifying Themes:
Organization:
Atom:
Chemistry
Molecule:
Multiple Atoms
Organelle:
Cell’s ‘organs’
Cell:
Building block of life
Tissue:
Multiple cells forming together 20
Organ:
Multiple tissue working together for a function
Organ System:
Multiple organs working together
Organism:
One living being capable of reproducing itself.
Population: All of one species
Community: Different species interacting and living in the same area.
Ecosystem:
A community together with non living factors.
Biosphere: Basically Earth
Emergent Properties:
New functions may appear in higher particular organisation 20 levels.
Like a school of fish in population level or a muscle formed by tissues.
Structure & Funktion:
Specific groups of parts or systems have a function.
Ex: A bird uses its long beak to get insects deep inside the tree.
Transmission of Genetic Information:
Genes are segments of DNA that create instructions in building proteins.
DNA is made up of bases A, T, C, G.
In transcription, the genes are changed to these: A to U, 20 T to A, C to G, G to C.
During translation ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and make amino acid sequences leading to protein.
Cycles:
Energy Flows
Energy flows through organisms 20 and is eventually “lost” as heat.
Matter Cycles
Matter is reused
Gd reference
Biological Interactions:
Feedback regulation between organs and cells
Negative Feedback maintains stability by counteracting change.
Positive Feedback drives rapid change until an end is reached
Symbiosis - a long-term relationship between different organisms
Mutualism (++) - both organisms benefit
Commensalism (+0) - one organism benefits, one is unaffected
Parasitism (+-) - one organism benefits while 20 the other is harmed.
Evolution:
Groups of living things change over the generations.
Descent from common ancestor
Natural Selection is one of the mechanisms in evolution.
The species reproduce more children that can survive
Individuals can vary, some variations 20 are inherited
Some survive and reproduce more of their traits.
Successful traits get more common over centuries, then over millenia, then over mega-anna.
Chapter 3: Science as an Inquiry
Science Process Skills:
Observation - look
There is quantitative and qualitative
Quantitative - uses numbers to quantify how much of something there is or how much it changes
Qualitative - qualities observed using the six senes
Inference - an explanation for behavior that you see (observation)
Predicting- suggesting a possible (hopefully likely) outcome for something before youve even done it
Procrastination - please take procrastinol 20 ask maam basuqez/sarmago
Measuring - Using numbers and units to describe changes and features precisely
Communicating - sharing findings clearly using graphs, words, tables, words, diagrams, etc.
Classifying - grouping certain items by shared properties or by criteria.
Science Method Steps:
Ask a Question
Do Background Research
Construct a hypothesis
Test with an experiment
Procedure Working? (Y/N) (if answer == “y”, proceed. else, Back to 4.)
Analyze Data and Draw Conclusions.
Do Results Align Hypothesis? (Y/N) (if answer_2 == “y”, proceed. else, Back to 3.)
Communicate Results
Scientific Reports Parts:
Title - expresses the topic of the study.
Abstract - summarizes your researches goals, methods, results, and conclusions
Introduction - establishes context to understand the topic
Methods - materials and procedures used in the experiment.
Results - present observations and measurements using text, tables, graphs, and calculators..
Discussion - interprets the results, connecting them to biological concepts, evaluates the hypothesis, and considers limitations.
Conclusion - sums up the findings and addresses research questions.
References - lists all sources cited
Appendices - contains lengthy materials, procedures, tables, and figures.
Chapter 4: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Simulator (The Microscope as a Tool to Study the Microscope)
What is microscopy?
Microscopy refers to the usage of microscopes to observe and explore structures (stuff like microorganisms and frog livers) that are too small to be directly 20 observed with the naked eye. It uses scientific instruments known as microscopes, which mainly use arrays of lenses to magnify the images of samples.
Parts of the microscope
Stuff that lets you see the specimen
Eye piece (ocular lens)
As in BoronRadiumPotassiumIndiumg BariumDeuterium?
Microscope Guidelines
Hold ur micrometer using its high power objective (ONLY the blue part), coarse adjustment knob, and the surface of 20 the ocular lens or else the half-life of the uranium inside it will decrease by 99.99999%
Start of the experiment
Hold the micrometer by holding it by the arm and the base, or by clasping the thimble with and letting the u-frame rest against your right hand, then holding the rutherfordium atom with your left hand.
Plug it in your outlet.
Turn the lights on
During: using le scanning objectives
Adjust the random switch at the left to control the light intensity, and/or use le iris diaphragm to control how much light passes through.
Place the slide neatly
Make sure that you are using the scanning objective.
Use the two stage knobs to move the stage and a vernier caliper, so that the specimen is centered.
Use the coarse adjustment knob (or a fine adjustment knob if you're a perfectionist) to control the foc 20 using; adjust until the image is right.
Draw
During: Higher power objectives
Adjust the rotating nose’s piece to the low pore objective.
You may still the coarse adjustment knob (or a fine adjustment knob if you're a perfectionist) to control the foc 20 using; adjust until you turn right.
After using
Now, you HAVE to use the fine adjustment knob to control the focusing.